Brazing is one of the most effective ways to join metals such as steel. It has many advantages over welding. For example, it is more friendly to beginners than welding, which can get complex. 

Brazing is also popular because you don’t need that much equipment. Some say you can even braze with a propane torch, not a full machine. However, is using a propane torch even possible for brazing? If so, how do you do it?

Here is your guide to everything you need to know about brazing steel with a propane torch.

Can You Braze Steel with a Propane Torch?

First, it’s important to establish whether you can braze steel with a propane torch. Yes, you can braze steel with a propane torch. Regular blowtorches that you can get in any home utility kit work well for brazing.

Most people know that you need a special machine for welding and a regular propane torch is not good enough for this task. However, for brazing, the situation is different. The difference has to do with how brazing works. 

Brazing combines two pieces by melting a filler alloy that acts as a very strong glue. On the other hand, when you weld, you melt the metal pieces themselves. The brazing alloy has a much lower melting point than steel, so you need to heat the pieces to a lower temperature than you would when welding. 

To get to the right temperature for brazing, which is usually 800–2,000 degrees Fahrenheit depending on the alloy, you can use equipment that is not as powerful as a welding machine, including propane torches. The accessibility and lower brazing demands are part of why it is such a popular welding alternative.

How to Braze with a Propane Torch

Now that you know you can combine two metals using your trusty propane torch, here is how you can go about the process.

Prepare the Metal

The first step in any process involving joining two metals is preparing the steel. Brazing with a propane torch is no different.

Preparing the steel (and your workspace) is important because any dirt or impurities could affect the strength of your braze. Plus, brazing requires a carefully prepared joint to set properly. If there are any rough edges, you will have trouble connecting your pieces.

Here are the steps you need to take to prepare your metal before brazing.

1. Clean dirt and debris off of the steel. Use soap and water, making sure to wipe everything down afterward. 
2. Rub the steel with acetone. Sometimes, it is hard to detect traces of grease with your eyes, and going over the metal with acetone makes sure that all of the grease particles are gone.
3. Go over the edges of the metals you are brazing with sandpaper. Sandpaper removes layers of oxidation on the metals which can prevent brazing from working. Sandpaper also helps remove any particles that are stuck on the metal.
4. Chamfer the edges. Chamfering is cutting away bits of the edge so the metal ends on a gentle slope. Sometimes, it helps the brazed metals fit together better.

Whether using a propane torch or a welding machine for brazing, you still need to prepare your metals for the process. All of these preparation steps are necessary to make sure your job is well done in the end. 

How to Braze

Once you prepare your metal for brazing, it’s time to get into brazing itself. Brazing with a propane torch is very easy, but it still has a bit of a learning curve if you’ve never done it before. Here is a guide that can help you navigate this process.

1. Prepare your workspace. After dedicating a lot of time to preparing your metal, you must also prepare your workspace. Make sure your table or workstation is fireproof and cleared of debris—you don’t want to set anything on fire accidentally. Then, hold the metals in place using clamps, a vise, or binding wire.
2. Add flux to the joint. You can use chemical flux or an argon gas shielding flux. Flux prevents oxidation and other impurities that might affect the quality of the joint. Before using any flux, make sure you use the right one for the base materials you are working with.
3. Prepare the propane torch. Make sure your torch is stocked with its fuel and oxygen mixture. Preheat the torch until it reaches the appropriate temperature for the braze. You want it to be at the temperature that will melt the brazing alloy you use. Usually, once you see that the tip of the flame is blue, that’s a sign that your torch is hot enough.
4. Preheat the metals. Brazing works best when the metals are at a similar heat to the brazing alloy. The residual heat from the metals also helps melt the alloy.
5. Apply the brazing alloy. Whether you are using a brazing wire or an alloy in another form, apply it to the joint. 
6. Melt part of the brazing alloy. Hold your blowtorch over the beginning of the seam until the brazing alloy melts, forming a small weld pool. Make sure you hold your blowtorch as close to the weld as possible to concentrate the heat on the seam. Moving the blowtorch in small circles also helps create the welding pool.
7. Move the torch along the seam. Once the brazing alloy melts, move the torch along the seam to melt it along the joint. Make sure you are moving at a consistent speed and holding the propane torch at the same angle throughout. 
8. Let the braze rest. Before you can use your new project, you have to let the braze joint cure, or rest. Let the metals cool to room temperature before touching or moving your project. Brazing joints need to cure, or harden in place, before you can use them. A good rule of thumb is to leave your project overnight before doing anything else.

Once you have the technique down and perfect your steady hand, then brazing is easy, even if you are a newcomer to metalworking.

Equipment Needed

Before getting started on brazing with a propane torch you need to have the following equipment:

• A propane blowtorch. 
• Filler metal. You need the filler metal or brazing alloy to melt in between your two pieces.
• Fuel and oxygen. The blowtorch needs to have enough fuel to keep going.
• Cleaning equipment. You need sandpaper, acetone, soap, water, brushes, and cloths to make sure the metal is clean enough for brazing.
• Protective equipment. Even though brazing is easier than welding, it is still risky. Protect yourself with a helmet, gloves, apron, and respirator.
• Carbon monoxide detector. Propane torches burn a lot of carbon monoxide, so make sure your work area is well-ventilated and you have a detector that can alert you to danger.

Final Thoughts

If you don’t have a welding machine, you can braze steel using a propane torch. Follow these tips for success.

The post Brazing Steel with a Propane Torch appeared first on Beginner Welding Guide.

Brazing is another form of joining metal together. It is frequently suggested as an alternative to welding because it is simpler and requires less equipment. Brazing works by heating a filler metal until it melts, acting as a glue between two metal pieces. It requires a lower melting point and is often easier than welding while being just as sturdy.

However, that doesn’t mean brazing is free from problems. Here are some common problems you may encounter while brazing and how to troubleshoot them.

The Condition of the Tips

To braze metal, the main equipment you need is a brazing torch. This equipment uses a tip to precisely apply heat to your joint. However, if the tip is in poor condition, the quality of your braze will also be poor. For some applications, you need to clean and apply a special coating to the tip. If you don’t do this properly, the tip will not perform, and you will have problems with your base material.

Another common problem with the tip that beginners often run into is breaking or falling.

To prevent problems with your tip, make sure you are cleaning the brazing torch tip thoroughly. This will prevent oxidation and damage to your equipment. Also, make sure you are working with the right materials for your project. Using the right alloy or tip is very important for brazing.

Improper Plate Cleaning

When you’re brazing, cleaning your materials thoroughly is very important. If debris is caught on the edges, the bond will be corrupted. Brazing will trap impurities on the surface. Improper cleaning can also lead to oxidation, which you always want to avoid when working with metals.

Here are some tips for cleaning your plates properly when brazing:

• Go over the edges with a wire brush
• Sand down any rough patches to make them smooth
• Try chamfering or cutting the edges at a sloped angle

Using the Wrong Braze Alloy

One of the most important decisions you can make when brazing lies in choosing the right alloy, or filler metal. This is the metal you melt and use as an adhesive to stick together two plates. 

Using the wrong alloy will result in a weak bond if it does not interact well with the metals you try to join. Sometimes, compounds in the metal can interact poorly with compounds in the alloy. For example, a metal that contains sulfides will interact poorly with a phosphorous-based alloy. Finally, if the alloy doesn’t melt at the right temperature, you won’t be able to create the adhesive.

Here are some questions you should ask yourself when choosing your braze alloy:

1. How do the elements in the alloy interact with the elements in my metals?
2. How strong of a bond do I need?
3. What is the alloy’s melting point, and is it lower than the base metal?
4. How wide is the gap between the two pieces?
5. Do I need any other special qualities, such as electrical conductivity?

Carefully considering all of these questions and being even more careful when choosing your brazing alloy will prevent many problems.

Improper Fluxing

Besides a filler metal and braze torch for brazing, you will also need a flux material. Flux is a chemical that you have to apply to metals before brazing. It prevents oxidation, which is common when you heat metals. Oxidation prevents your braze from bonding properly, which is why flux is so important.

However, trying to cut corners during fluxing can lead to problems down the line. Make sure you use the right flux material and heat for the materials you are working with. Also, ensure that your flux’s quality is top-notch and you are not using a watery or dried-out material. When in doubt, it’s better to open a new can than to use old flux that’s been lying open for a while.

Improper Joint Thickness

When you’re joining two metals together, the joint should have the right thickness to hold up to wear and tear. A joint that is too thin will not be stable. A joint that is too thick will look ugly and also will be unstable.

Make sure the joint is the same thickness throughout. Otherwise, it looks bad and creates more opportunities for gas to get trapped in the joint.

Gas Entrapment

Gas entrapment is a serious problem during brazing. Your braze torch uses gas to provide heat. If the gas gets trapped in the joint or in the metal, it undermines the stability of your joint. It could cause bubbles or cavities in the metals you work with.

Luckily, there are a few ways to prevent gas entrapment. One important way is to flux properly, as improper fluxing is often why gas gets entrapped.

Overheated Tungsten Carbide

Tungsten carbide is one of the strongest metal compounds out there. However, it requires delicacy when you are working with it. If it overheats while you are brazing, it will not join properly. Experts recommend bringing all materials up to temperature together and heating the tungsten carbide slightly longer. This is called a slow draw. Since tungsten carbide is such an expensive material, you want to make sure you are working with it properly.

Final Thoughts

There are many advantages to using brazing. It provides a very secure joint, just as strong as welding. It is a strong welding alternative that requires less equipment. However, brazing is also an important skill to master. Making a mistake during the process could make the joint less stable, causing headaches in the future.

These are some of the most common brazing problems you should prepare for. A little preparation and knowing the materials you are working with go a long way to preventing most of these issues. It’s also important to clean the materials, including the plate and tip.

The post 7 Common Brazing Problems and How to Avoid Them appeared first on Beginner Welding Guide.

So, in which situation is one or the other better? And what equipment do we need to use these two different techniques? Fortunately for you, you won’t have to do all the thinking, as in this article, I’ll share all that you need to learn about brazing vs. welding.

What Is Brazing?

In brazing, you only melt the filler metal instead of also melting the base metal. The liquified filler is applied in a joint between the pieces, forming a bond. It accomplishes this by a principle known as ‘capillary action.’

There are a few methods of brazing, including:

1. Torch
2. Vacuum
3. Furnace
4. Induction

The filler metal is heated above its melting point in a brazing operation. It’s protected by flux materials to prevent it from reacting with the atmosphere. Without it, the joint that’s produced may have unwanted impurities.

The filler’s always a metal that melts at a temperature over 842°F, but it’s never above that of the base materials.

The base materials are preheated for the filler to fuse. However, it’s never heated anywhere near the melting point.

The liquified filler is then applied between the base materials, fusing the pieces. Once it cools down and solidifies, it forms a joint.

Brazing is most commonly used to weld:

• Brass
• Copper
• Stainless steel
• Aluminum
• Zinc-coated steel

What Is Welding?

Welding works by melting the base materials and then joining them. It may or may not involve shielding gasses or filler metals.

There are different kinds of welding processes, which include:

1. Friction
2. Electron Beam
3. Arc
4. Laser
5. Resistance

Out of these methods, arc welding is the most commonly used.

In a welding operation, a portion of the base material is heated above the melting point. The methods used in welding can melt even metals with the highest melting points.

The resulting points of molten metal are then joined with a filler material. These need to be protected from the atmosphere to prevent any impurities. For that, we can either use flux material or shielding gas.

Brazing vs Welding

These two different metal-fusion processes have different advantages and disadvantages. It all boils down to your preferences and purposes.

Advantages of Brazing

• Joints made using brazing come with very little stressing and thermal distortion compared to welding.
• Brazing uses far less energy than wielding, as it requires less heat to operate. As such, it’s far cheaper to use.
• Because it only melts the filler metals, brazing can join two different base materials.
• Brazing doesn’t require heat treatment after processing.
• As the base materials are never melted, they can keep most of their physical properties.
• It’s easier to learn to braze than to weld. The latter requires precision in the application of heat and deposition of the filler; the former relies on the principle of capillary action.
• Suitable for extremely thin metals, as extreme temperatures could damage these.

Advantages of Welding:

• A joint made by welding is typically stronger than the base materials it was made from. Welding is the better process of making strong, permanent joints.
• Due to the intensity of heat used in welding, it’s more localized. This makes it practical to join metal pieces at one point instead of a broad area.
• Welding is well suited to joining larger pieces of metal.

Disadvantages of Brazing:

• Brazing forms joints with less strength than those produced by welding.
• Brazen joints can’t be used in higher-temperature environments, unlike welds.

Disadvantages of Welding:

• Welds may require a post-processing heat treatment to fix stresses in the joint.
• Usually, welding can only fuse similar base materials.
• The intensity of heat in welding can result in distortion, warping, and cracking of your weld.

Equipment Required

As brazing and welding are different processes, the equipment they need is sometimes different.

Brazing Equipment

1. Filler material and flux solution. The most commonly used filler metals are fluorides, alkalis, chlorides, and fluoroborates.
2. Either furnace, induction, chemical bath heater, or torch for heating the filler.
3. Protective gear, including safety glasses, hearing protection, welding boots, auto-darkening welding helmet, welding gloves, and a fire-resistant coat.
4. A secure electrical supply.

Welding Equipment

1. Welding torch
2. Electricity source
3. Filler material
4. Shielding gas, such as helium, argon, or a mixture of both.
5. Fuel cylinder
6. Oxygen cylinder
7. Protective gear

When to Use Each?

Brazing is ideal for manufacturing parts with different metals and complex designs. It’s also suitable for mass production as it’s easier and uses less heat.

On the other hand, welding excels on larger components that require more durability, such as vehicle frames.

In Conclusion

In brazing, only the filler metal is melted, while welding melts both base and filler materials. It also requires less heat than welding.

Finally, brazing is suitable for mass production and complex designs, while welding is better for parts that require durability.

The post Brazing vs Welding: Key Differences Explained appeared first on Beginner Welding Guide.

Whether you are a seasoned professional, an HVAC technician, or simply curious about a different kind of metal joining technologies, you should find this article helpful.

The more popular metal joining processes come to the forefront when considering the category of metal joining in its broader sense – welding, brazing, and soldering.

When studying each of these three processes, questions begin to form around how the different processes compare and contrast with each other.

What is Welding?

The material joining process known as welding has multiple variations. Each with its own attributes. Variations of unique welding processes include:

• Shielded metal arc
• Gas tungsten arc
• Gas metal arc
• Resistance
• Flux core welding

For the many variations of welding, the fundamental definition of welding is that two similar metals become joined together while melting the base materials. This is accomplished by using high heat and typically using a filler material.

What does the Welding process looks like?

• Welding is typically achieved using an electrical arc between the electrode and the workpiece(s). This electrical arc can reach the high temperatures required to melt even the thickest base metals.
• The electrical arc interaction between the electrode and the base material, known as polarity, can be such that the electrode is positive and the base material is negative. Or, the electrode can be negative and the base material positive. Thirdly, the polarity can rapidly alternate as in alternating current (AC).
• The electrical arc creates a puddle of molten material. The operator skillfully moves the puddle along the weld joint and typically adds filler material.
• This weld puddle of molten metal requires shielding from the natural atmosphere to prevent impurities in the resulting weld bead. Weld shielding depends on the process chosen. But, can consist of either a shielding gas or a flux which gets melted and surrounds the puddle to protect it.
• The resulting weld in any processing variations becomes stronger than the workpiece material.

NOTE: Welding is an extremely durable and permanent way of joining metals together.

What is Brazing?

Brazing is the process in which two metals, which can be dissimilar, are joined together by melting a filler material into the joint between the base materials.

The metal joining process called brazing is not as well-known as welding or soldering. Nonetheless, it is a commonly used process due to its flexibility in various applications.

The filler material needs to melt above 842 degrees Fahrenheit. This temperature is standardized by the American Welding Society (AWS).

• The brazing process can be applied to joints through a torch, induction, or oven to get the filler material hot enough to melt. Thus, properly filling the gaps in the joint.
• When the filler material fills the gaps in the joint it is called a capillary action. As with welding, the filler material must be protected from the natural atmosphere when it becomes molten. Again, this is achieved through the use of flux materials.
• The filler rod is like a piece of flexible wire. The rod, or wire, is shaped to match the braze joint. It is then set directly on top of the joint.
• Flux for brazing applications typically comes in a paste. The paste is brushed on the joint before the brazing operation. The production advantage with brazing is that the brazing operator can cut a “braze ring” consisting of a length of filler material.
• After the operator has laid these braze rings on the joints of the workpieces, he applies flux to the joints. They are then placed into a high-temperature oven. The heat is set to the temperature capable of melting the filler.

The brazing filler material typically melts at approximately 1,150 degrees Fahrenheit.

NOTE: It is important to know that the temperature necessary to melt the braze filler material does not actually melt the base materials. Despite that, it can affect the hardness of the base materials.

The brazing process results in a high-strength joint that can be relied upon for many production applications. The exception is structural applications.

What is Soldering?

Soldering is joining two dissimilar metals together by melting a low-temperature filler material between the base materials.

The last process in these three metal joining processes is soldering. This is possibly the most widely and commonly used of the three processes.

The temperature that the American Welding Society (AWS) defines the threshold between brazing and welding is 842 degrees Fahrenheit.

This means that all soldering operations occur under this temperature limit.

The technique of soldering is quite user-friendly. And, due to the low-temperature properties of the process, soldering can be achieved without the setup required for the more involved, hotter, metal joining processes.

• Soldering operations can use a torch, a soldering “iron,” or an oven to melt the filler material properly.
• Like welding and brazing, soldering requires a shielding material to protect the molten filler material from the natural atmosphere.
• The gases in the atmosphere can contaminate the solder joint and cause failure. The shielding material used in soldering operations is typically a flux paste.
• The paste is typically brushed over the joint but can come as a rosin. In electronics applications, rosin can be in the core of the filler material wire itself.
• Soldering filler materials typically melt at around 400 degrees Fahrenheit. Which is acceptable for joining delicate electronics components together.

Differences between Welding, Brazing, and Soldering?

Now that we have become somewhat familiar with the metal joining processes of welding, brazing, and soldering, we can now explore main differences in depth.

As previously mentioned, we will look at four categories when comparing these three processes.

The four categories are the:

• Type of materials being joined
• Types of filler materials used
• Application and process tolerances
• Amount of heat applied to the base materials.

Type of Materials Being Joined

The types of materials joined in these three processes are unique to each welding, brazing, and soldering process.

Welding

The welding process can permanently join almost any metal in a durable joint.

Welding technicians very regularly weld together carbon steels, stainless steels, aluminum, as well as specialty alloys such as coppers and high nickel content alloys.

Not as commonly welded together are castings, forgings, and extrusions. But there are welding techniques to achieve these types of joints.

The welding process is so highly durable that it is used to join super-thick structural steel plates. The process is so versatile that it can join together materials as thin as an aluminum soda can.

Brazing

The types of materials which the process of brazing can join together are numerous.

The brazing process can join together the same metals as welding.  Metals such as steel, stainless steel, aluminum, and exotic alloys. Albeit with less strength.

But the main advantage which the brazing process has over the welding process is the ability to join dissimilar metals together.

As hard as you may try, you cannot weld together dissimilar metals such as steel and an aluminum tube. The materials won’t melt together and form a joint.

Certain filler materials are determined to be best for different material combinations. The brazing operator will look up these specifications as called out by an engineer.

The brazing process can join together thick and thin materials. But it does not have the penetration qualities which the welding process has in order to permanently join thick pieces of material together.

Soldering

The types of materials that the soldering process can join are limited to the low-temperature qualities of the process.

Process engineers save soldering operations for smaller workpieces such as joining together wires and thin pieces of material.

The soldering process regularly joins copper, aluminum, and steel materials. However, it is limited by the workpiece thickness. Like the brazing process, the soldering process can join dissimilar metals.

This is due to the metals not actually melting together to become joined as in welding. Instead, the filler material acts as a kind of “metal glue” so to speak.

Types of Filler Materials Used

The types of filler materials used in each of the three processes we are exploring, welding, brazing, and soldering are unique to each of their respective processes.

The main reason why the filler materials are unique to their processes is mainly due to their chemical composition. Their composition is directly related to the filler material melting points.

6 Tips to choose correct filler material:

1. Shielded Metal Arc Welding (Stick) and Gas Metal Arc Welding (MIG) are unique because the filler material is the actual electrode.
2. All other metal joining processes (with the exception of TIG fusion welding) use a filler material to add to the joint.
3. Welding processes require the filler material to be very similar to the workpiece material being joined together.
4. There is an allowance in welding processes for the filler material to be of a slightly different alloy than the workpiece, but generally, steel requires steel filler, and aluminum requires aluminum filler.
5. In contrast, the brazing and soldering processes break this rule and use dissimilar filler materials from the workpiece. In fact, brazing and soldering need to use dissimilar metals to the workpiece. Since, for example, the heat required to melt copper exceeds the brazing and soldering temperature limit, by definition.
6. Brazing and soldering processes use lower temperature melting filler alloys, typically alloys of tin.

NOTE: Brazing and soldering processes previously employed lead-based filler materials due to the low melting temperature and ease of use. But filler material manufacturers have changed to lead-free alternatives due to governmental regulations on the usage of lead.

Application and Process Tolerances

Applications of welding, brazing and soldering processes can seemingly be infinite. But for this article, we will focus on finite examples to help illustrate the differences between these three processes.

Popular welding applications include joining structural, automotive, marine, and aerospace parts. The welding process is called for when joining together of metals needs to be permanent and safe.

Welding together airplane components, for example, requires extreme process tolerances. These include the weld’s size, the weld, the quality of the weld, and the weld materials themselves.

This is so that the resulting weld can be certified safe for flight critical applications. Welds that are utilized in these critical applications are required to be scrutinized by welding inspectors.

Inspection Tools

Inspectors will use inspection tools such as:

• Magnetic particle inspection
• Fluorescent penetrant inspection
• X-ray inspection
• Destructive testing

These tools and others qualify the weld as falling within specification. Which ultimately ensures a safe part is being installed on the airplane.

In contrast, brazing and soldering processes can also carry strict process tolerances. Just not usually in the same structural flight critical applications.

Brazing applications can be found in the aerospace, marine, medical, and oil industries. This, in part, is due to the ability for the process to be tightly controlled. Even tighter than in welding.

Since brazing does not include melting the base materials, there is less risk of part warpage, part contamination, and dimensional issues. Brazed assemblies can achieve tighter tolerances because of these facts.

Soldering is most commonly found in the plumbing, electronics, and HVAC industries. The most common soldering joints are the lap joint. These are found in almost every house.

Examples of soldered lap joints in your home are between copper pipes, and the joint between wires and circuit boards – literally used in every electronic device on the planet.

Soldering applications are found in so many consumer and industrial products that soldering processes are the most used between welding, brazing, and soldering.

Amount of Heat Applied to the Base Materials

The last area we will explore in the study of the differences between welding, brazing, and soldering is the amount of heat applied to the base materials in each process.

The amount of heat required to achieve a weld joint is variable. The welding process is defined as melting the base materials to form the weld joint. For some metals, the temperatures in this process can be staggering.

For instance, the arc in the arc welding process can be up to 20,000 degrees Fahrenheit. The workpiece itself can regularly reach over 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit.

Obviously, these high temperatures can be very dangerous to be around. The welding operator must diligently use all personal protective equipment the OSHA standards call for.

Different metals act differently during welding operations. Stainless steels weld “like butter” with a constant weld puddle which is relatively easy to work with.

In contrast, aluminum materials have a much higher melting temperature and require special welding machinery.

Once the extra-high melting point of the aluminum is reached and the weld puddle is formed, the welding operator must work very quickly.  If he fails to work quickly enough the entire aluminum workpiece can melt, distort, and become problematic.

Brazing and soldering processes do not have to reach the high temperatures that welding does. The only requirement in the process is to melt the filler material to obtain the joint.

Remember, brazing operations reach higher temperatures than soldering. Brazing temperatures are defined as being above 842 degrees Fahrenheit. Soldering is defined as being under 842 degrees Fahrenheit.

Low melting temperature solder filler materials can have special alloys in them which can lower the typical melting point of 430 degrees down to approximately 290 degrees Fahrenheit.

These ultra-low melting temperature solders can be used in the most delicate electronics applications since the objective is to prevent damage to the sensitive electronic components.

Conclusion

By exploring the unique qualities of each process, we have found the many differences between welding, brazing, and soldering.

These differences were summed up in the categories:

1. Type of materials being joined
2. Types of filler materials used
3. Application and process tolerances
4. Amount of heat applied to the base materials

As we have found, each of the welding, brazing and soldering processes have their own unique purposes and applications. And each one is very important to the industries which utilize them.

Welded, brazed, and soldered parts can be found everywhere in our world today – look around in the room you are in and you are likely to find a dozen examples.

If you would like to learn more about any of these three processes, please use the resources at your disposal, which are quite easily found either online, at your local library, or our favorite, from seasoned welding, brazing, or soldering technician. That one is willing to share some of his or her experience with you.

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